After effects expression
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Ellagic acid is highly abundant in pomegranates and grapes. In preventing the development of CRC, active compounds such as ellagic acid have been mentioned to have an anti-inflammatory role which can treat ulcerative colitis. The use of aspirin, however, has some side effects which include gastrointestinal upsets ranging from nausea and gastritis to gastrointestinal bleeding. In preventing CRC, aspirin is also associated with a lower risk of incidence and a lower risk of cancer death after five years, including CRC. However, the use of 5-ASA might induce some side effects such as headache, nausea, dyspepsia, diarrhea, pancreatitis, and cholestatic hepatitis. Current IBD treatments include anti-inflammatories, some of which are 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASA), corticosteroids, and immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory agents. It has been discussed how chronic inflammation of the colon may lead to the development of CRC. The role of caspase-3 in initiating apoptosis makes it a potent target in CRC treatment. Both of the apoptosis pathways will equally induce the activation of caspase-3, which further initiates cell apoptosis. Cell apoptosis is divided into two pathways: intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. In normal cells, apoptosis is important to balance cell proliferation in the basal layer. The cancer proliferation is characterized by the loss or inhibition of apoptosis. Although no known genetic factor is able to explain the association, chronic inflammation of the colonic mucosa offers a more likely explanation of the association as patients with a longer duration of colitis have a higher risk of having CRC. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are known to increase the risk of developing CRC. CRC is a cancer with one of the highest rates of mortality. IntroductionĬolorectal cancer (CRC), a malignancy also known as colorectal adenocarcinoma, is derived from the glandular epithelial cells in the colon. The ethanol extract of pomegranate was able to induce apoptosis, which was demonstrated by the increase of caspase-3 expression. Statistical differences were found in one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc analysis among the DSS group, normal group, and dose 2 group (pomegranate peel extract of 480 mg/kg/day). The specimens were then fixated and stained for the immunohistochemistry scoring for the expression of caspase-3, which was then analyzed statistically. The treatments given included the pomegranate extract in two doses (240 mg and 480 mg/kg bw/day), aspirin, and ellagic acid. The groups were all induced by DSS through water drinking, except for the normal group, which was only given water. The experimental study was done in six groups.
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This study examined the effects of the pomegranate peel extract on the expression of caspase-3 in mice crypt cells induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) 2%. Cancer proliferation is characterized by the loss of inhibition of apoptosis, which involves caspase-3 activation. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are more likely to develop CRC. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy derived from the glandular epithelial cells in the colon.